What Is EMDR Therapy? A Comprehensive Guide for Australians
Introduction
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured psychotherapy approach that has gained significant recognition in the field of mental health both globally and within Australia. Developed in the late 1980s, this therapeutic method has evolved into an evidence-based approach for addressing trauma and other distressing experiences. As eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in Australia continues to grow in practice, many Australians are seeking to understand what this therapy entails, how it works, and the science supporting it. This article aims to provide factual, research-based information about EMDR therapy, explaining its processes, underlying mechanisms, and application within the Australian mental health context.
Key takeaways:
EMDR is a structured psychotherapy approach primarily used for processing traumatic memories
The therapy has gained recognition within Australian mental health settings
Understanding EMDR requires examining both its clinical process and scientific foundation
This article provides evidence-based information without making claims about guaranteed outcomes
EMDR therapy involves a systematic approach to addressing traumatic memories through bilateral stimulation, helping individuals process distressing experiences in a new way. As research continues to evolve, the therapy has become increasingly available throughout Australia as one of several evidence-based approaches for trauma treatment (EMDR.com, "What Is EMDR?").
What Is EMDR Therapy?
EMDR therapy (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) is a structured psychotherapeutic approach designed to help people process traumatic memories and other distressing life experiences. Developed by psychologist Francine Shapiro in 1987, EMDR has evolved from an initial observation about eye movements to a comprehensive, eight-phase therapy protocol that addresses the psychological impact of difficult life experiences.
Key elements of EMDR therapy:
A structured approach focused on processing memories that continue to cause distress
Utilises bilateral stimulation (typically eye movements, but also taps or tones)
Based on the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model
Recognised by numerous health organisations globally and in Australia
Requires specific training and certification for practitioners
EMDR emerged when Shapiro noticed that specific eye movements seemed to reduce the distress associated with her own traumatic memories. From this initial observation, she developed a methodology that has since been refined through extensive clinical practice and research. The therapy is now recognised by numerous organisations worldwide, including the World Health Organization and the American Psychological Association, as an effective treatment approach particularly for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
In the Australian context, eye movement desensitisation reprocessing has gained acceptance among mental health professionals as one of several evidence-based approaches for trauma treatment. The therapy is practised by specially trained psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health counsellors across the country. What distinguishes EMDR from some other therapies is its focus on the nervous system and memory processing rather than solely on altering thoughts or behaviours (EMDRIA.org, "About EMDR Therapy").
How Does EMDR Work?
EMDR therapy operates on the principle that psychological difficulties often stem from unprocessed traumatic memories that remain "stuck" in the brain's information processing system. Through a structured protocol that includes bilateral stimulation, EMDR aims to help the brain process these memories more adaptively.
Mechanism of action:
Based on the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model
Utilises bilateral stimulation during memory processing
May activate similar brain mechanisms to REM sleep
Helps transform the way traumatic memories are stored
Creates new neural connections between traumatic material and adaptive information
The foundation of EMDR is the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model, which proposes that psychological distress results when traumatic experiences are inadequately processed by the brain. According to this model, these unprocessed memories are stored with their original emotions, physical sensations, and beliefs, causing them to be easily triggered in the present.
During EMDR sessions, the therapist guides the client to briefly focus on the traumatic memory while simultaneously engaging in bilateral stimulation. This bilateral stimulation typically involves following the therapist's fingers with the eyes as they move horizontally across the visual field, though alternating auditory tones or tactile stimulation (like tapping) can also be used. This dual-attention process appears to facilitate the brain's natural healing mechanisms (i.e. adaptive information processing).
Research suggests that this process may be similar to what occurs during REM sleep, when the brain naturally processes daily experiences and integrates them into existing memory networks. The bilateral stimulation seems to help the brain reprocess traumatic information, allowing new connections to form between the traumatic material and more adaptive information.
Neurobiological studies indicate that EMDR therapy may help regulate the overactivity in the amygdala (the brain's ‘fight-flight’ alarm system) often seen in trauma, while simultaneously engaging the prefrontal cortex, which plays a role in integrating emotional experiences. This process helps transform how traumatic memories are stored, reducing their emotional charge and physical discomfort (Cleveland Clinic, "EMDR Therapy") (PMC Article on EMDR mechanisms).
EMDR Explained in Australia
In Australia, EMDR therapy has established itself as one of several evidence-based approaches for treating trauma-related conditions. The Australian psychological community has incorporated EMDR into clinical practice frameworks, with growing recognition of its applications for various psychological conditions.
EMDR in the Australian context:
Recognised by Australian mental health professionals as one evidence-based trauma therapy
Practised by specially trained and accredited therapists throughout the country
Integrated within the broader Australian mental health system
Used alongside other evidence-based approaches
Subject to ongoing research within Australian academic institutions
Eye movement desensitisation reprocessing in Australia follows the same protocols and standards established internationally, while being adapted to the unique cultural context of Australian healthcare. The therapy is available through both public mental health services and private practice settings, with practitioners required to complete specific training and supervised practice to ensure competency.
Australian mental health bodies recognise EMDR as one of several trauma-focused psychological interventions that may be beneficial for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The Australian Psychological Society and other professional organisations provide guidelines for the appropriate application of EMDR and other trauma therapies, emphasising the importance of comprehensive assessment and individualised treatment planning. For more information on EMDR in Australia, you can visit the Australian Psychological Society’s overview of EMDR therapy.
Within the Australian mental health landscape, EMDR is often considered alongside other evidence-based approaches such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, ensuring that clients have access to the most appropriate intervention for their unique circumstances. This integrated approach reflects Australia's commitment to evidence-based practice and client-centred care.
Australian researchers continue to contribute to the global understanding of EMDR, participating in studies that examine its effectiveness for various populations and conditions. This ongoing research helps refine the application of EMDR within Australian mental health settings, ensuring that practice remains aligned with the evolving evidence base (EMDR Association of Australia).
EMDR Therapy Process Steps
Understanding the structured nature of EMDR therapy can help individuals considering this approach know what to expect. EMDR follows a systematic protocol designed to ensure safety, effectiveness, and thorough processing of traumatic material.
Overview of the EMDR process:
Follows a structured, phased approach
Typically requires multiple sessions
Proceeds at the client's pace
Includes preparation and stabilisation before memory processing
Incorporates regular assessment of progress
The EMDR therapy process is methodical and comprehensive, typically requiring several sessions to complete. The length of treatment varies depending on factors such as the complexity of the trauma, the client's history, and individual response to the therapy. Throughout the process, the therapist works collaboratively with the client, ensuring they feel safe and in control.
EMDR 8 Phases Breakdown
EMDR therapy follows a structured eight-phase protocol that systematically addresses traumatic memories and their impact. Each phase serves a specific purpose in the overall therapeutic process.
The eight phases of EMDR:
Provides a comprehensive framework for trauma treatment
Ensures thorough assessment and preparation
Facilitates systematic processing of traumatic material
Incorporates integration and evaluation of progress
Creates a safe, structured environment for memory processing
Phase 1: History Taking
In this initial phase, the therapist collects detailed information about the client's history, including past traumas, current triggers, and symptoms. This comprehensive assessment helps identify specific memories to target during processing and establishes treatment goals. The therapist also assesses the client's stability and coping resources.
Phase 2: Preparation
Before any processing begins, the therapist helps the client develop emotional regulation skills and stress management techniques. These "resourcing" strategies help ensure the client has the coping mechanisms needed to manage any distress that may arise during therapy. The therapist also explains the EMDR process in detail.
Phase 3: Assessment
In this phase, the therapist helps the client identify a specific memory to target and its components: the visual image representing the worst part of the memory, negative beliefs about oneself related to the memory, desired positive beliefs, current emotions, and physical sensations. The client also rates the distress of the memory and how true the positive belief feels.
Phase 4: Desensitisation
During this phase, the client focuses briefly on the target memory while simultaneously engaging in bilateral stimulation (eye movements, taps, or tones). After each set of bilateral stimulation, the client reports what they noticed, which guides the next focus of attention. This process continues until the memory no longer causes distress.
Phase 5: Installation
Once the distress associated with the traumatic memory has decreased, the therapist helps the client strengthen the connection between the memory and the desired positive belief identified in phase three. Bilateral stimulation is used to reinforce this positive cognition.
Phase 6: Body Scan
The client is asked to notice any residual physical tension or discomfort in their body while thinking of the original memory and the positive belief. If tension is present, bilateral stimulation is used to process and release it, acknowledging the crucial mind-body connection in trauma healing.
Phase 7: Closure
Each session ends with closure procedures to ensure the client feels stable and grounded before leaving. If processing is incomplete, the therapist helps the client use self-calming techniques and provides guidance for managing any distress that may arise between sessions.
Phase 8: Re-evaluation
At the beginning of subsequent sessions, the therapist assesses the client's current psychological state and whether treatment gains have been maintained. The therapist also evaluates whether previously processed memories have been fully integrated or require additional attention (Psychotherapy Partners MN, article on EMDR basics).
The Science Behind EMDR Therapy
EMDR therapy has been extensively studied since its development in the late 1980s, with a substantial body of research examining its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms. This research provides the foundation for EMDR's recognition as an evidence-based approach.
Research findings on EMDR:
Supported by numerous randomised controlled trials
Recognised in international treatment guidelines
Demonstrates effectiveness comparable to other evidence-based trauma therapies
Shows results that tend to be maintained over time
Continues to be the subject of ongoing research
Multiple meta-analyses and systematic reviews have evaluated the research on EMDR therapy, particularly for post-traumatic stress disorder. These analyses consistently find that EMDR demonstrates significant effectiveness in reducing PTSD symptoms. The American Psychological Association has recognised EMDR as an effective treatment for PTSD, as has the World Health Organization (WHO — EMDR for PTSD).
Research indicates that EMDR therapy can lead to meaningful symptom reduction in a relatively efficient timeframe compared to some other approaches. Studies have found that many individuals experience significant improvement after 6-12 sessions, though complex trauma may require longer treatment.
Comparative studies have found that EMDR demonstrates effectiveness comparable to other evidence-based trauma treatments, such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. This suggests that EMDR represents one of several valid options for trauma treatment, rather than being inherently superior or inferior to alternative approaches.
Follow-up studies indicate that the benefits of successful EMDR therapy tend to be maintained over time, with many participants continuing to show reduced symptoms months or years after treatment completion.
While the research base for EMDR is strongest for PTSD and trauma-related conditions, emerging research is examining its potential applications for other conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and addiction. However, these applications should be considered preliminary pending further research (APA, "PTSD Guideline: EMDR") (Pacific Mind Health, "EMDR Therapy: A Breakthrough Approach to Trauma Recovery") (Attachment Trauma Network, "EMDR").
How EMDR Helps the Brain Process Trauma
The neurobiological mechanisms of EMDR therapy provide insight into how this approach may help the brain process traumatic experiences more adaptively. While research into these mechanisms continues to evolve, several theories offer explanations for EMDR's observed effects.
Neurobiological effects:
May facilitate communication between brain regions impacted by trauma
Could enhance memory reconsolidation processes
Appears to decrease activity in limbic regions associated with fear
May increase activity in prefrontal regions associated with rational thinking
Potentially mimics processes similar to REM sleep
Trauma can significantly impact brain functioning, particularly disrupting the connection between emotional processing centres (like the amygdala) and rational, integrative regions (like the prefrontal cortex). This disruption helps explain why traumatic memories often remain unprocessed and continue to cause distress when triggered.
EMDR's bilateral stimulation appears to help the brain reprocess these traumatic memories through several potential mechanisms. One theory suggests that the dual attention required during EMDR (focusing on both the traumatic memory and the bilateral stimulation) taxes working memory, temporarily reducing the vividness and emotional intensity of the traumatic memory. This reduction may create a window of opportunity for the memory to be reconsolidated in a less distressing form.
Another hypothesis draws parallels between EMDR and REM sleep, noting that both involve bilateral eye movements and may facilitate similar information processing mechanisms. During REM sleep, the brain naturally processes daily experiences and integrates them into memory networks. EMDR may artificially activate similar pathways, helping traumatic memories that have remained "stuck" to finally be processed.
Neuroimaging studies have observed changes in brain activity following EMDR treatment. These include decreased activity in the amygdala and other limbic structures associated with emotional reactivity, alongside increased activity in prefrontal regions associated with cognitive control and contextual processing. These changes suggest that EMDR may help restore more normal communication between brain regions that have been disrupted by trauma.
The orienting response theory proposes that the rhythmic bilateral stimulation in EMDR activates an investigatory reflex that first puts the brain on alert but then facilitates a relaxation response when no danger is found. This alternation between alertness and relaxation may help the brain process traumatic material in a state of relative calm (PTSD UK, "How Effective Is EMDR?").
Conclusion
EMDR therapy represents a structured, evidence-based approach for addressing trauma and other distressing experiences. Throughout this article, we've explored what EMDR is, how it works, its application in the Australian context, the step-by-step therapy process, and the science supporting its effectiveness.
The research indicates that EMDR is one of several effective approaches for trauma treatment, with particular recognition for its application to post-traumatic stress disorder. The therapy's structured eight-phase protocol provides a comprehensive framework for processing traumatic memories and integrating them more adaptively into one's life narrative.
In Australia, EMDR continues to be practised within the broader landscape of evidence-based mental health care. It represents one option among several effective trauma therapies that might be considered, depending on individual circumstances, preferences, and needs.
It's important to recognise that any therapeutic approach, including EMDR, may work differently for different individuals. The decision to pursue EMDR therapy should be made in consultation with a qualified mental health professional who can provide personalised advice based on a comprehensive assessment.
For those interested in learning more about EMDR therapy or exploring whether it might be appropriate for their circumstances, speaking with a registered psychologist can provide further information. If you would like more information about EMDR therapy, you can contact Salt & Earth Psychology to discuss whether this approach might be relevant to your situation.
References
Eddins Counseling. "A Comprehensive Guide to EMDR Therapy." https://eddinscounseling.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-emdr-therapy
EMDR.com. "What Is EMDR?" https://www.emdr.com/what-is-emdr/
EMDRIA.org. "About EMDR Therapy." https://www.emdria.org/about-emdr-therapy/
Cleveland Clinic. "EMDR Therapy." https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22641-emdr-therapy
National Center for Biotechnology Information (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5997931/
Psychotherapy Partners MN. "Understanding the Basics of EMDR Therapy and How It Works." https://psychotherapypartnersmn.com/understanding-the-basics-of-emdr-therapy-and-how-it-works/
American Psychological Association (APA). "PTSD Guideline: EMDR." https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments/eye-movement-reprocessing
Pacific Mind Health. "EMDR Therapy: A Breakthrough Approach to Trauma Recovery." https://pacificmindhealth.com/emdr-therapy-a-breakthrough-approach-to-trauma-recovery/
Attachment Trauma Network. https://www.attachmenttraumanetwork.org/eye-movement-desensitization-and-reprocessing-emdr/
PTSD UK. "How Effective Is EMDR?" https://www.ptsduk.org/how-effective-is-emdr/
